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English 9-12
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      • Meet Joe Black >
        • Death Takes A Holiday 1934
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        • Alfred Hitchcock
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          • Psycho 1960
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          • Disturbia
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          • Vertigo 1958
        • Rope
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        • it's a Wonderful Life
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        • The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly
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        • Top 25 Cult Films:
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      • Films To Consider: >
        • Breathless, by Jean-Luc Godard (1960)
        • Interstellar
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        • Mr. Holland's Opus >
          • Vimeo Short Films
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        • The Shining
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        • The Hunger Games/Quotes >
          • Suzanne Collins
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        • The Last Samurai
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        • 3 Days of the Condor 1975
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        • A Fist Full of Dollars
        • The Conformist >
          • The Conformist
        • Peter Sellers
        • Gladiator
        • The Last Emperor 1987/ Bertolucci
        • Phenomenon 1996
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        • The Butler
        • Contagion 2011
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      • Citizen Kane >
        • Citizen Kane #2
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      • The Wild Wild West! >
        • John Wayne / True Grit
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      • The Pride of the Yankees 1943
    • German Expressionism in Film >
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      • Dadaist Films
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    • Scary Movies >
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      • Ghost of the Lagoon by Armstrong Sperry
      • Frankenstein 1910 Silent Movie
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      • Buster Keaton
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    • Sports Movies >
      • A River That Runs Through It >
        • Fly Fishing Quotes
      • Money Ball >
        • Money Ball #2
      • Dogville
      • Goal / History of soccer >
        • Goal (page two)
      • Teamwork Movies
      • www.ronaldothefilm.com
      • We Are Marshall
      • Pele
      • Chariots of Fire
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    • Lance Armstrong Doping
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  • English 9 Curriculum Map 2018-19
    • Siddhartha >
      • Siddhartha Vocabulary Words
    • English 9 Unit 1 >
      • Video Games >
        • Video Gaming
        • Video Games #2
        • Game Programmer
        • Video Game Jobs
        • Video Games/Presi/Slideshare
      • Video Games
      • Story Telling /Moth
      • 10 Rules/Carmichael
    • The Cast of Amontillado
    • The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian >
      • The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Vocabulary Words
    • Direct and Indirect Characterization
    • Overly Sarcastic Productions The Classics
    • English 9 Unit 2 >
      • Food >
        • BBC Fast Food Baby
        • BBC The Truth About Food
        • BBC Beef Burgers
        • GMOs
        • Food
        • Food
        • Food
      • Richard Wright/Blackboy >
        • Black Boy by Richard Wright
      • The Age of the Essay Paul Graham
    • English 9 Unit 3 >
      • Siddhartha >
        • Siddhartha
        • The Odyssey Vocabulary Words >
          • The Odyssey Movie
          • Create a Myth Assignment
          • Odyssey Timelines/ AWESOME!
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          • Freewill vs Determinism quotes
          • Freewill vs Determinism
          • Greek Gods
          • Greek Vases
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          • The Greeks/Gods
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          • Odyssey
          • The Odyssey and the Hero's Journey
          • The Odyssey Presentations
      • Greek and Roman >
        • Untitled
        • What is theater?
        • Ancient Rome
        • The Gladiator Graveyard
        • Spartacus Behing the Myth
        • Helen of Troy
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        • Rome/History/BBC >
          • Marcus Aurelius
          • The Stoics
          • Metal Detecting Roman/Greek
        • Oedipus The King >
          • Oedipus the King/Prezi
        • Homer, The Iliad
        • The Norse Gods
    • English 9 Unit 4 >
      • Graffiti >
        • Bansky
        • Bansky Art Sold fo
        • Street Art
        • The Top Street and Graffiti Artists to Watch in 2015
        • Graffiti Analysis
        • Anamorphic Graffiti Illusions by Odeith – Fubiz
    • Romeo and Juliet
    • English 9 Unit 5/ Poetry >
      • Various Poets
    • English 9 Other >
      • English 9 Essay
  • English 12 2017-18
    • Restorative Justice >
      • Juvenile Justice Essay Resources
      • Adam Foss
      • Racial Profiling >
        • Racial Poetry
        • Racial Profiling
      • Racism
      • Bullying #1
      • Race/Racism/Bullying
      • Jim Crow Museum
      • What Would You Do?
      • Bullying
      • Bullying
    • Eng 12/ Life after high school >
      • Personal Statement
      • Vision Board Assignment >
        • Vision Board Project
      • UC Writing Prompts/Journals
      • Hidden Intellectualism by Gerald Graff
      • Job Applications/Business Letter
      • Interview Questions and Answers >
        • Interview Q & A
        • Interview Q & A
      • Job Seeking/Resume/Q and A
      • FAFSA
      • Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse
    • Unit 2 Week (3-5) "College Application Essay" >
      • Commencement Speeches #1
      • Commencement Speeches #2
      • Great Speeches
    • Zoot Suit >
      • Zoot Suit 2
    • 1984 Language, Gendetr, and Culture in George Orwell's 1984 >
      • 1984 Key facts, characters, themes, motifs, and symbolism
    • Brave New World 2016 >
      • Brave New World 2017 1
      • Gender, Language, and Identity
      • Brave New World Character Name meanings
      • BNW Vocabulary
      • BNW Chomsky
      • Brave New World Vocabulary Words
      • Brave New World 2016 2
      • The Perennial Philosophy/Huxly
      • Mystic Quotes
      • Papaji Advaita Vedanta
      • Nissargadatta
      • Vedanta Advaita Quotes
      • Kristnamurti Quotes
      • Sola BNW
      • Iron Maiden/ BNW
    • Into The Wild 2016-17
    • Into the Wild/ 11/15 >
      • Into the Wild/ Characters >
        • Into The Wild/Characters >
          • Into the Wild/Themes, Characters
      • Into the Wild/ Vocab
      • Into the Wild/ Quotes
      • into The Wild/ Chapter Reviews
      • Into The Wild/ Symbolism
      • Into To Wild/ Themes
      • Into The Wild/ Glossary
      • Into the Wild/ Quiz 1
      • Into the Wild/Jon Krakauer >
        • Is Ignorance Bliss?
        • Into the Wild/ Essential questions
        • Into the Wild/20/20 >
          • Into the Wild/Eckhart Tolle
        • Chris McCandless Articles/Outside Magazine
        • Into the Wild/Jon Krakaur
        • Into the Wild/2015/Nomads
        • Into the Wild
        • Into the Wild/The Big Two-hearted River/Nick Adams
        • Into the Wild/Who Am I
        • Into the Wild/Pierre Bezuhov/From War and Peace
        • Into The Wild/Various
        • Into the Wild/2015/Rush
        • Into the Wild/Tolstoy
        • Into the Wild/Springsteen
        • Into the Wild/Jack London
        • Into the Wild/Emerson
        • To Build a Fire/Jack Londen
        • Into the Wild/Louis L' Amour
        • Into the Wild/Thoreau
        • Into the Wild/Boris Pasternak
        • Into the Outdoors
        • Into the Wild/Alaska Denali
        • Into the Wild/Snowboarding
        • Into the Wild/2014/15/Supertramp
        • Into the Wild/Vocabulary
        • Into The Wild/Themes >
          • Into the Wild/Themes
        • Into The Wild/Glossary
        • Into the Wild/ Papaji
        • Into the Wild/Eckhart Tolle
        • Into the Wild
        • Into the Wild (Prezi)
        • Into the Wild/John Muir
        • Into the Wild/Quiz
        • Into the Wild /Movie Questions
        • Into the Wild/ Q&A
        • Into the Wild/ Climbing Videos
        • Into the Wild/Moose
    • Standards
    • English 12 Syllabus
    • English 12 2016-17 >
      • English 12a Final Essay
      • Letter To Myself >
        • Letter to Myself
        • Letter to Myself
    • English 12 Essay 2015
    • History of the English Church >
      • History of English
      • History of English
      • The History of English >
        • BBC Anglo-Saxons >
          • Anglo Saxons >
            • Anglo Saxon Lyre
            • Anglo-Saxon The History of English
            • Worst Jobs in History (Middle Ages)
            • The Worst Jobs in History--The Dark Age - Part 1-6
            • The Worst Jobs In History - 1x03 - Tudor
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Roman & Anglo-Saxon
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Medieval
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Tudor
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Stuart
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Georgian
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Victorian
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Urban
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Royal
            • The Worst Jobs In History-- Industrial
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Maritime
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Rural
            • The Worst Jobs In History--Christmas
            • The Medievil Mind >
              • The Medieval Belief
              • The Medievil Treasures BBC
              • The Medieval Power
              • Age of Conquest
              • The Crusades
              • The Black Plague
              • AEngla Land
              • Treasures of the Anglo-Saxons
              • The Staffordshire Hoard
            • Beowulf >
              • In Search of Beowulf
              • Beowulf PPt Presentations
              • British Literature Learning Videos >
                • Paganism vs Christianity
                • The Germanic Tribes
                • Beowulf & the Anglo-Saxons (1-8)
            • The Canterbury Tales
        • Language
    • English 12 Reading >
      • Epic of Gilgamesh Audio 2000 BC.
      • Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Late 14th-century
      • The Wife of Bath's Tale 1405-1410 from canterbury Tales
      • The Passionate Shepard
      • Shakespeare 1564-1616 >
        • Shakespeare/ Tudor England
        • Novels/Plays >
          • Hamlet's, "To Be or Not to Be"
          • A Midsummer Night's Dream
          • Macbeth
          • Macbeth
          • Macbeth Act by Act
          • Shakespeare Poems
          • Globe Theater
          • Shakespeare Sonnets
          • Sonnet 1
          • Sonnet 1 Blog:
          • Sonnet 18
          • Sonnet 29
          • Sonnet 29 Blog:
          • Sonnet 75
          • Sonnet 75 Blog
          • Sonnet 130
      • Romeo & Juliet/ Shakespeare 4/15 >
        • Romeo & Juliet/ Shmoop Resources
        • Shakespeare Glossary
        • Shakespeare's Globe
        • Quotes about Shakespeare >
          • Shakespeare Quotes
          • Shakespeare Castles
        • Romeo & Juliet/ Characters
        • Romeo & Juliet/ Themes, Motifs, Symbolism
        • Elizabethan Clothing
        • Royal Shakespeare Company
        • Romeo and Juliet 1
        • Romeo and Juliet 2
        • Romeo and Juliet 3
        • Romeo and Juliet/ 60 Second
    • Six Centuries of Verse: Metaphysical & Devotional Poets >
      • Ben Johnson
      • John Donne
      • Andrew Marvell >
        • Jonathan Swift
        • A Modest Proposal
      • To His Coy Mistress
    • Romanticism 1790-1850 >
      • Romantic Spirit
      • Mysticism
      • William Blake
      • William Wordsworth
      • Samuel Taylor Coleridge
      • John Keats
      • Percy Bysshe Shelley
      • Mary Shelley
      • Lord Byron
      • James Joyce
  • My Favorite People
    • Favorite Artists >
      • Brian Dettmer Book Cutting
      • Bansky
      • Julian Schnabel
      • Phillip Guston
      • David Salle
      • Robert Motherwell
      • Picaso
      • Raushenburg
      • Francisco Clemente
      • Joseph Beuys
      • Cy Twombly
      • Jean Michel Basquiat
      • Keith Haring
      • Kenny Scharf
      • Kaws
      • Sun Xun
      • L' Arte
      • Richard Serra
    • AESOP
    • Adyashanti
    • Maya Angelou
    • Jane Austin
    • James Baldwin
    • Bansky Quotes
    • Coleman Barks
    • Joseph Beuys
    • Harold Bloom >
      • Harol Bloom/ How to read and why
    • Jorge Luis Borges
    • Robert Bly 1 >
      • Robert Bly 2
    • David Bowie
    • Ray Bradberry >
      • There Will Come Soft Rains
      • Usher II
      • The Veldt
      • Marionettes Inc.
      • Fehrenheit 451
      • Fahrenheit 451 Vocabulary
      • Fahrenheit 451 Quotes
    • Russell Brand >
      • Russell Brand
    • David Brooks
    • Barbara Brodsky
    • James Brown
    • Buddha >
      • Buddha
    • Warren Buffet
    • James Cameron
    • Albert Camus
    • Jack Canfield
    • George Carlin
    • Lewis Carrol
    • Caroline Casey
    • Paulo Coelho/Alchemist >
      • The Alchemist by
      • Paulo Coelho
    • John Coltrane >
      • John Coltrane
    • Steven Covey >
      • Steven Covey
      • The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People/Steven Covey
    • Charlie Chaplin
    • Noam Chomsky
    • Deepak Chopra >
      • Ask Deepak
      • Deepak Chopra
    • Winston Churchill
    • Mihaly Csikszentmihaly
    • Ram Dass
    • Simone De Beauvoir
    • Anthony De Mello
    • Daniel Dennett
    • Shanti Devi
    • Junot Diaz
    • WALT DISNEY QUOTES
    • Fyodor Dostoyevsky >
      • Fyodor Dostoyevsky/ The Brothers Karamazov
    • Carol Dweck/Mindsets
    • Bob Dylan >
      • Bob Dylan
    • Thomas Edison Quiz
    • Albert Einstein >
      • Albert Einstein
    • T. S. Eliot
    • Ralph Waldo Emerson
    • Jane Eyre
    • Anneliese Marie Frank
    • William Faulkner
    • F Scott Fitsgerald >
      • The Roaring 20's
      • F Scott Fitzgerald 2014-15
      • The Great Gatsby
    • Benjamin Franklin
    • Robert Frost
    • Stephen Fry >
      • Stephen Fry
    • Neil Gaiman
    • Dan Gilbert
    • Malcom Gladwell
    • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
    • Gurdjieff
    • Steven Hawking /black Holes
    • Hafez/Hafiz #1 >
      • Hafez/Hafiz Poems #2
      • Hafez/Hafiz #3
      • Hafez/Hafiz #4
      • Hafez #5 >
        • Hafiz Poems #7
      • Hafez Poems #6
      • Hafez Poems #8
    • Thich Nhat Hanh
    • Tyrone Hayes
    • Ernest Hemingway
    • Hermann Hesse >
      • Siddhartha Quotes
    • Christopher Hitchens
    • HOU HSIAO-HSIEN
    • Langston Hughes >
      • Langston Hughes/ Poems
      • Langston Hughes
    • Aldous Huxley >
      • Brave New World 4/15 >
        • Secret Societies >
          • The Knights Templar
          • The Freemasons
          • The Rosicrucians
          • The Illuminati
          • The Carbonari
        • BNW/ Chemtrails vs Contrails
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​Unit 2
Essential Question:
How do authors use techniques such as point of view, context, and structure to help achieve their purpose?

Unit 2: Writing Prompt: Informative Explanatory
 
Write an Informative Essay/Video Essay
that identifies how the text is representative of the historical and cultural context in the author’s experience.  How does the author’s use of rhetorical devices help to achieve their purpose? How are the themes or main ideas of the text related to the historical  and cultural context?
Honors may add sources to enrich synthesis and analysis within essay assignment.

 
Students will be able to:                                                      
-Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
 
-Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
 
-Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made, how they are introduced and developed, and the connections that are drawn between them.      
 
 
-Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language of a court opinion differs from that of a newspaper).
 
-Analyze in detail how an author’s ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text (e.g., a section or chapter).
 
-Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose.
 
-Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums (e.g., a person’s life story in both print and multimedia), determining which details are emphasized in each account.
 
-Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.          
 
-Analyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance (e.g., Washington’s Farewell Address, the Gettysburg Address, Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms speech, King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail”), including how they address related themes and concepts.
 
-Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.                                                                                                                        
 
-Apply grades 9-10 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning").
                                   

 
Language Targets:
●Independent & Dependant clauses (identify, use, & correctly punctuate)

●Correctly use a semicolon in their writing

●Correctly use parallel structure within thesis statement

●Continue using correct MLA format for in-text citation & essay format
 
Vocabulary  Targets:
  • Main idea/ claim
  • Supporting details/ support
  • Purpose
  • Audience
  • Evidence
  • Tone
  • Mood
  • Point of View (conceptual)
Context
Unit 2: Writing Prompt: Informative Explanatory
 
Write an informative essay that identifies how the text is representative of the historical and cultural context in the author’s experience.  How does the author’s use of rhetorical devices help to achieve their purpose? How are the themes or main ideas of the text related to the historical  and cultural context?
Honors may add sources to enrich synthesis and analysis within essay assignment.

Historical & Cultural Context in Of Mice and Men
Click to set custom HTML
Rhetorical Devices:
Click to set custom HTML
The Video Essay
​How YouTube Changed The Essay/ Evan Puschak/TED Talk
Transcript Below

English
0:10
Hey, everybody!
0:10
(Applause)
0:15
So, when I say the word "essay",
0:19
what's the first thing that comes to your mind?
0:22
Probably, for a lot of you the word "essay"
0:25
triggers a kind of Pavlovian twist in your gut,
0:28
a reminder of how pointless and stressful it was to write five double-spaced pages
0:34
for Mrs. Walsh on "The Motif Of Whiteness In Moby Dick".
0:39
I think, for this reason, when we don't have to write any more essays,
0:43
we hang up our topic sentences and supporting paragraphs and conclusions,
0:47
and never think about Moby Dick or Jane Eyre or Anna Karenina ever again.
0:54
But the English paper doesn't represent what's best about the essay,
0:58
or what's most exciting about it, from my point of view.
1:01
As Paul Graham, the famous programmer and essayist,
1:03
detailed in a wonderful essay about essays called "The Age of the Essay",
1:07
the English paper as we know today is sort of historical accident,
1:11
a result of the way English departments formed,
1:14
and how much medieval universities focused on law.
1:18
When we think about that, that actually makes a lot of sense.
1:21
Topic sentences, supporting paragraphs, conclusions -
1:23
I've watched enough "Law & Order" to know how much this resembles
1:26
opening statements, prosecuting the case with witnesses and evidence,
1:30
and, of course, concluding remarks to the jury,
1:33
which is just a forceful rephrasing of the opening statement.
1:37
It's actually kind of weird that English classes,
1:40
the place where we ended up learning both English literature and composition,
1:43
how to write, -
1:44
you don't really think about that,
1:46
but because stuff like this totally fascinates me,
1:48
I dug into Graham's footnotes and found a fantastic article from 1967 called
1:52
"Where Do English Departments Come From?"
1:54
by William Parker.
1:55
In it Parker traces the incredibly short history of teaching English in schools.
2:00
Actually, the first chair of an English department anywhere in the country
2:04
was Fancis March, who was appointed in 1857 to Lafayette College.
2:09
And that was my favorite slide to me.
2:11
(Laughter)
2:13
English literature had a hard enough time overtaking Latin literature,
2:17
eventually it did do that, but writing had always been
2:19
under the province of another subject called rhetoric.
2:22
Basically what happened was this, as I understand it:
2:25
as public speaking became less and less popular,
2:27
and the number of colleges doubled at the end of the eighteen hundreds,
2:30
because we were encouraging more and more people to go to school,
2:33
academic departments rose to power, and they decided
2:37
what was going to be in the curriculum.
2:39
So, it was basically like an arms race.
2:40
English got really greedy and gobbled up
2:44
literature, linguistics, journalism, theater, and of course composition.
2:49
So, if English departments had to teach both literature and writing,
2:54
it's no surprise that we had to write so much about literature.
2:58
I admit that's a bit of a digression,
3:01
something that is totally frowned upon in English papers,
3:04
but in the wider world of essays things really aren't so strict.
3:07
You don't have to follow the model of a court case.
3:10
You don't have to rigorously defend your thesis point by point.
3:13
We have other forms of writing for that.
3:15
In an essay you are perfectly allowed to follow a train of thought.
3:18
In fact, essays sort of are trains of thought.
3:21
I want to get back to that point at the end,
3:23
but for right now what you need to know is that essay should be
3:26
short, interesting, and it should get to the truth.
3:29
And that's actually a good three-word definition
3:31
for what essays are: short, interesting, truth.
3:35
Michel de Montaigne, the father of the modern essay,
3:37
wrote about everything
3:38
from sadness to drunkenness, to friendship, to cannibals.
3:41
He even has a great essay on thumbs.
3:43
It's a short essay, you really can't write that much about thumbs.
3:46
But it's worth a read, if you are a thumb enthusiast,
3:49
which I am, obviously.
3:50
(Laughter)
3:52
Ralph Waldo Emerson, my favorite essayist,
3:54
wrote things that changed the course of my life.
3:56
And it wasn't so much what he wrote about,
3:59
but how he wrote about those things,
4:01
the way he phrased and positioned facts and insights,
4:04
so that something that was needling you, that you couldn't quite put into words,
4:08
suddenly became as clear as glass.
4:11
And that kind of writing... It opens up doors in your mind.
4:14
It shows you that you are allowed to think a certain way.
4:17
It invites you in for investigations of your own.
4:21
Of course, essays don't have to be heady and abstract.
4:24
David Foster Wallace writes wonderfully about tennis.
4:26
Elif Batuman wrote a great essay last year
4:28
about Istanbul's construction and its archeology and their intersection.
4:32
Kristin Dombek wrote a sprawling, beautiful essay
4:35
about sex and addiction and love in 2012.
4:37
And Jeffrey Downard wrote brilliantly about the motif of whiteness in Moby Dick!
4:42
(Laughter)
4:43
See, I can't shit on Moby Dick,
4:44
because I love Moby Dick, actually, and literature.
4:47
You don't have to write about them, but you can obviously, if you want to.
4:50
Essays are having a little bit of a cultural moment write now, actually.
4:54
As Christy Wampole wrote in "The Essayification of Everything":
4:57
"It seems that, even in a proliferation
4:59
of new forms of writing and communication [before us],
5:01
the essay has become a talisman of our times."
5:04
And you can see that in the proliferation of blogs and think pieces,
5:08
but you can also see it in things like medium.com,
5:11
where anybody can write an essay on a topic of their choosing,
5:14
where the public gets to decide what points of view to elevate,
5:17
where media gatekeepers no longer
5:19
have the power to marginalize radical or different points of view.
5:24
But there is a whole another form of the essay
5:27
I want to spend the rest of my time talking about.
5:29
It's what I do for living.
5:30
It's called the video essay.
5:32
(Video) (Music)
5:34
[Narrator]: Are you ever aware that you try to preserve fleeting moments?
5:39
[Old man]: Well, it depends on what you call "fleeting".
5:42
Sometimes, in geologic sense a year is a very fleeting moment.
5:46
And sometimes for the people it's a twenty fifth of a second.
5:51
[Evan Puschak]: These days you are most likely to see the work
5:54
of American photographer Ansel Adams
5:56
on a post card or on the wall of your boss's office.
6:00
These photographs are so ubiquitous now, that it's easy to walk by them
6:04
without noticing their technical and aesthetic mastery.
6:08
Indeed, thanks to things like Instagram and Snapchat,
6:10
photographs in general are so ever present in our lives,
6:13
that standards about what we believe to be great work in this field
6:18
are drowned out by the literally billions of photos,
6:21
that are uploaded to these services every day.
6:24
That's a short clip from an essay I did on Ansel Adams,
6:26
and at "The Nerdwriter" I produce a weekly show of video essays
6:30
about art and culture, and science, politics -
6:33
whatever I happen to find interesting that week.
6:36
So, what is a video essay?
6:37
Well, it's about as hard to define as a written essay.
6:41
It's like written essays blend into
6:43
articles, reportage, pamphlets and short stories,
6:45
[video] essays blend into
6:47
films, documentaries, TV journalism, photojournalism,
6:50
and the lines there are always going to be blurry.
6:53
But there is a history here too.
6:55
Not nearly as long as the written essay, but going all the way back to 1940,
6:59
Hans Richter wrote in the film essay, a new form of documentary film:
7:03
"In this effort to give body to the invisible world
7:05
of imagination, thought and ideas,
7:08
the essay film can employ an incomparably greater reservoir
7:12
of expressive means
7:13
than can the pure documentary film.
7:15
Freed from recording external phenomena in simple sequence
7:18
the film essay must collect its material from everywhere;
7:22
its space and time must be conditioned
7:23
only by the need to explain and show the idea."
7:27
That excerpt is 80 years old,
7:29
but it hits the nail on a head in so many ways,
7:31
namely, in this greater reservoir of expressive means.
7:35
What do I mean by that?
7:36
Following from 1940 the essay film evolved in a number of different ways.
7:42
Orson Welles famously made "F for Fake",
7:44
an examination of authorship and authenticity
7:47
told through the story of an art forger.
7:50
Let's take a look at a clip.
7:51
(Video) (Singing)
7:56
[Narrator]: Then, finally, on a distant island he did find a home.
8:03
He doesn't own it, remember,
8:04
but it's a splendid villa with a fine view of the village,
8:09
the village jail.
8:10
[Elmyr de Hory]: To be in jail here is probably, I would say -
8:13
here is better than somewhere else.
8:15
But a jail is a jail. Let's face it.
8:19
[Orson Welles]: Moment of truth.
8:20
He is talking about the time they took him down out of that villa,
8:24
which he doesn't own, and put him into prison.
8:28
Let me show you that again.
8:30
[Elmyr de Hory]: To be in jail here is probably, I would say -
8:34
here is better than somewhere else.
8:35
But a jail is a jail. Let's face it.
8:39
So that's almost like a documentary film,
8:41
but when Welles cuts back to himself,
8:42
he is revealing a deeper layer of commentary,
8:46
showing how he is manipulating the footage
8:49
to examine his ideas and make his points.
8:52
And this is exactly what Richter was talking about.
8:54
Along these lines -
8:55
let's take a look at one more essay film.
8:57
This time "Sans Soleil", a seminal piece in this field,
9:00
by Chris Marker from 1983.
9:03
[Narrator]: The first image he told me about
9:05
was of three children on a road in Iceland in 1965.
9:16
He said that for him it was the image of happiness,
9:19
and also that he had tried several times to link it to other images,
9:22
but it never worked.
9:24
He wrote me: "One day I'll have to put it all alone at the beginning of a film
9:28
with a long piece of black leader.
9:31
If they don't see happiness in the picture,
9:34
at least they'll see the black."
9:36
So, that's a striking clip and it's a fantastic movie.
9:39
And that other line from Richter
9:40
"freed from recording external phenomena in simple sequence" -
9:43
Marker took that to heart.
9:45
All throughout "Sans Soleil"
9:46
he's cutting abruptly back and forth from West Africa to Japan
9:50
to show how hard it is to contextualize his memories of these experiences
9:55
and how that affects our perception of time and history
9:58
as we conceive of it in these simple sequences that we normally see in film.
10:04
Many would say that the video essay is a continuation of the essay-film,
10:08
and in a lot of ways it is.
10:09
The narration from both those examples has proven to be wildly popular
10:13
in the video essay on YouTube.
10:16
And film analysis channels,
10:18
like my friend's Tony Jones "Every Frame a Painting",
10:20
are certainly in tune with the traditions of cinema.
10:24
But I think that the video essay
10:26
is a slightly different beast from the essay-film.
10:29
With the few rare exceptions,
10:30
the video essay hasn't ventured nearly as close to the avant-guard
10:33
as like Chris Marker's work, for example,
10:35
or those who were inspired by him.
10:37
It seems to me, that video essays
10:39
take their cues more from academia and journalism,
10:42
and from their online predecessors,
10:46
the educational explainer YouTube channels,
10:48
that objectively present fascinating information,
10:50
channels like "ASAP Science", "Crash Course",
10:53
"In a Nutshell", "Minute Physics".
10:55
Their massive success has proven
10:57
that there is a real thirst for knowledge online.
10:59
More than that, there is a thirst for curated knowledge
11:03
by people who are willing
11:04
to put the work and do the research and show you the world,
11:07
maybe something you, guys, never got the chance to study at school,
11:10
in an engaging way.
11:12
That, in turn, opened up a lane for broader video essayists like myself
11:15
or video essayists like Mike Rugnetta over at "PBS Idea Channel".
11:19
(Video) (Music)
11:22
[Mike Rugnetta]: Thanks everyone for joining us
11:25
during our continuing segment
11:26
on the destruction caused by superhero activity
11:29
and the question of responsibility for destroyed infrastructure.
11:32
Joining us live via satellite from their respective studios,
11:35
we have Josephine Shirley, COO of Destructator,
11:39
the app for tracking
11:40
superhero-related destruction in real time;
11:43
Anne Hannigan, director of communications for the Safety First Foundation;
11:47
and Brock Funderburg,
11:49
researcher at the independent policy group Center for Heroism Studies.
11:53
Let's get right into it.
11:54
Anne, before the break, we were discussing whether there is any price
11:58
too high for the protection of the human race.
12:01
[Anne Hannigan]: That's right, Tom.
12:03
And I think, you know, in these superhero-related activities,
12:06
there's going to be some damage.
12:08
And we just have to be as prepared as we can to face the costs.
12:11
It's just a fact of life.
12:13
And there's even regulations -
12:15
[Josephine Shirley]: And so what are you saying,
12:17
that when the Hulk smashes your Benz
12:19
or collapses your entire apartment building,
12:21
that's fine, and the federal government should just have to foot the bill?!
12:25
Congress didn't wreck your car or your sofa.
12:27
Heck, you chose to live there, and you should have to take -
12:30
Brock Funderburg: Listen, listen.
12:31
[JS]: - responsibility for that.
12:33
[BF]: There are many forces
12:34
beyond choice and even law and regulations at work here, including the Avengers.
12:38
We can plan for and solve this problem ourselves
12:40
through clear communication, international funds, workflows, and agreements.
12:45
It's not so much an economic problem as it is one about attitude.
12:50
So, I love that clip, and I love it,
12:52
because it's something you could only do in this format.
12:54
And what Rugnetta is doing here is taking something from pop culture,
12:57
the massive destruction
12:59
that we see in all these superhero movies,
13:01
and he is staging a fake newscast,
13:02
imagining what the official reactions might be.
13:05
And by doing that,
13:06
he is able to interrogate a very real issue, disaster relief,
13:10
and all the problems associated with it from a different interesting angle.
13:14
Or take the video essays that Vox makes,
13:16
extremely slick pieces,
13:18
that pull from journalism, animation, and those explainer channels
13:21
to produce affecting essayistic takes on news worth the issues,
13:25
or sometimes issues that aren't so newsworthy,
13:27
but are still fascinating like this one, which I really love,
13:30
on how the NFL's yellow line works.
13:32
(Video) [Narrator]: The key challenge in making the yellow line
13:35
is that the scene is constantly changing,
13:37
which means that the yellow line has to constantly change.
13:40
Not only are there three different cameras used for wide shots of the field,
13:43
each camera pans, tilts, and zooms to follow the action.
13:47
So, the first thing Sportvision does before the game
13:49
is create a 3D mathematical model of each football field
13:53
using laser surveying tools.
13:55
And during the game they gather data from the cameras
13:58
about their pan, tilt and zoom positions for every single frame.
14:02
So, when the operator specifies that the first down
14:04
is at the 43 yard line, for example,
14:06
the computers combine the camera data with their own model of the field
14:10
to draw the yellow line in the proper perspective
14:13
and to redraw it, for every frame being broadcast to viewers.
14:17
There are so many more examples I could show you.
14:20
I wish I could, I just don't have the time.
14:22
What suffices to say
14:23
is that video essay is a rapidly expanding genre of online video.
14:27
And people are watching.
14:29
"Every Frame a Painting" has over 24 million total views.
14:32
I did a little linguistic analysis of how Donald Trump answers questions.
14:35
It has over three million views.
14:37
Vox's most viewed video has over 23 million views alone.
14:43
What was the last time a written essay had that kind of reach?
14:46
And just like essay films grew up out of the traditions of cinema,
14:50
commenting on borrowing from and reacting to those traditions,
14:54
the video essay is growing up out of the Internet,
14:57
commenting on borrowing from and reacting to the audio visual styles
15:01
that are being created there every day.
15:04
Increasingly, our experience of media is audio visual.
15:06
65% of people are visual learners, and video essays play to that fact.
15:11
They help people engage with things
15:12
that they might not otherwise have been able to.
15:16
No, I am not saying that written essays are obsolete.
15:18
I still read plenty of them.
15:20
But I am encouraged by how many people are watching video essays,
15:24
and even more by how many people are making them.
15:27
Because for all its differences
15:29
the video essay still retains the spirit of Montaigne,
15:32
that meditative spirit on all things within the field of human life.
15:37
I said at the beginning that essays are sort of like a train of thought.
15:40
Well, I kind of think that writing is thought.
15:43
I believe for a long time that we learn by saying.
15:46
So, when you are watching the video that I make,
15:48
what you are really watching is me learning,
15:51
that's what you are watching right now, as I give this talk at Lafayette College.
15:54
And I encourage everybody to try that out for themselves.
15:57
Because only by articulating in words, in video, or in both,
16:02
do we really find our point of view.
16:05
Thank you very much!
16:06
(Applause)
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